Whether within or between countries, by choice or by force, these trends demonstrate that people are definitely on the move. As the global population grows, so do rates of urbanization and migration, with potentially significant social, political, and environmental implications (see ‘Age groups’).

There is a multitude of factors pushing people to move, including economic development, conflict, political instability and, increasingly, the impacts of climate change. More people live outside their country of birth than ever before and many of them end up in cities, which are growing in number, in size and in importance. Indeed, the power of cities as economic and social centres could potentially see them overtake countries as the dominant political entities in future (see ‘Changing trade patterns’). If managed well, urban centres will foster social and economic development and more sustainable living. But in places where the pace of growth outstrips the resources to support it, this trend could compound social inequalities and lead to greater conflict.

Urbanization

Increasingly, people are moving from rural areas to cities, resulting in significant growth in urban populations. People are seeking the economic opportunities and increased quality of life that living in cities can offer. It is expected that 70% of the world’s population will live in cities by 2045.[1]

For individuals, urban life can offer many opportunities: improved access to services like education and healthcare, daily conveniences offered by urban infrastructure and access to broader job markets. The benefits for society as a whole are significant: cities are associated with economic growth[2], wealth generation and innovation.[3] Cities are extremely productive and contribute more than 80% of global gross domestic product (GDP).[4]

For cities, increased population inflows can create strain on resources and challenges for city planners and resource managers.[5]

Urbanization can be seen as a double-edged sword – it offers the possibility of increased social and economic development alongside the risk of compounding social inequity.[5] Particularly in the developing world, where urban planning has not anticipated substantial growth and resources are already stretched, increasing urbanization may create problems as well as opportunities in the coming decades. Historically, unplanned, or informal urban settlements have exacerbated inequalities[5], and in many countries, service provision in these areas is not keeping pace with urban population growth.[2] Rapid urbanization could lead to conflict in places where resources are insufficient and/or poorly managed[6], but where it is well-managed it may yield significant benefits to urbanizing populations.[7]

Multiple city ‘types’ are expected to increase in number in the coming decades. Much of the attention around urbanization is focused on so-called ‘mega-cities’, usually defined as having populations of at least 10 million.[6,7,8] While the number of mega-cities is expected to grow somewhat, the bulk of the growth in cities will occur in ‘small’ (under 1 million inhabitants), ‘medium’ sized (1–5 million inhabitants)[6] and ‘large’ (5–10 million inhabitants) cities.[7] The World Bank[3] offers a classification of large cities:

  • Global hubs: Cities that wealth and talent flow though. Examples include Singapore, London, and New York.
  • Mega-cities: Cities with large populations that are ‘population magnets’ for their respective regions. Examples include Mumbai, Sao Paolo, Jakarta.
  • Gateway cities: Cities that function as part of regional clusters that facilitate access to specific markets. Examples include Dubai, Almaty, Johannesburg.

Thinking of these functions of cities raises interesting questions for city planners and for the role of cities in global trade, both physical and digital. According to the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System[6], “When we say 2030 will be urban, this is not merely an expression of residency, it will be the way of life of society as a whole.”

Perhaps paradoxically, cities can provide opportunities for increased sustainability and reduction of environmental impacts. While cities are expected to be responsible for 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions, they are also places where proactive and innovative environmental management and urban planning can yield substantial benefits. Higher density living allows for more coordination of waste management, innovative energy management, reduced reliance on cars for transport and efficient distribution of food and other resources. Public transit and sustainable transport options are a particular area of opportunity in terms of acting on the opportunities offered by increased urbanization.[1]

Politically, urbanization can increase the power of local governments, leading to more localized decision-making and, perhaps, more empowerment of citizens.[6] Cities have been described as ‘virtual islands’; places where resource allocation and generation/distribution of power can be managed within a relatively closed system to the benefit of all.[9] The Inter-American Development Bank and the Inter-American Dialogue[10] suggest we can look forward to a positive future in cities. Successful urban areas will be the ones that: improve services; enhance national and international connectivity (the Internet); ensure water and electricity supplies; raise levels of education and healthcare; anticipate adaptation to climate change plans and measures; consider greening cities; provide talent pools of technical specialists and other experts; secure efficient and reliable financial systems; cultivate cultural activity, and; provide citizens with two important benefits, i.e. an improved quality of life and increased productivity.

News stories

ODD 11
Villes et communautés durables
Faire en sorte que les villes et les établissements humains soient ouverts à tous, sûrs, résilients et durables
Partout, les villes doivent s’adapter rapidement à l’évolution du climat. La montée des températures alimentée par les émissions de GES dues aux activités humaines menace l’équilibre de nos systèmes climatiques.
Our cities produce most of the world’s carbon emissions. What can we do to reduce their impact on the climate and how can International Standards help?
Une série de normes visant à recenser les besoins des villes en matière de technologies de l’information est en cours.
L’urbanisation en plein essor exerce des contraintes plus importantes que jamais en termes de ressources et d’infrastructures. Pour faire face à cette tendance inexorable, les dirigeants municipaux doivent …
L’urbanisation ne cesse de gagner du terrain et nos villes devraient abriter d’ici 30 ans 2,4 milliards de citadins supplémentaires. La Journée mondiale des villes des Nations Unies a cette année pour …
La plupart des villes du monde connaissent une croissance démographique rapide, à la fois porteuse de défis et d’opportunités en ce qui concerne la sécurité et le bien-être des citoyens. Pour aider les …
Embouteillages, pollution, zones défavorisées, tels sont les problèmes auxquels nombre de villes doivent faire face, sans compter l'explosion démographique urbaine qui pourrait bientôt aggraver ce phénomène. …
Comité technique
ISO/IEC JTC 1
Technologies de l'information
  • 3555 Normes publiées | 526 Projets en développement
  • IEC/AWI TS 63526 [Actuellement en cours d'élaboration]
    Gap Analysis on Standards Related to City Information Modelling and Urban Digital Twins
Comité technique
ISO/TC 204
Systèmes de transport intelligents
  • 350 Normes publiées | 70 Projets en développement
  • ISO/TR 7872:2022
    Systèmes de transport intelligents - Intégration de la mobilité - Rôle des services d'infrastructure numérique et modèle fonctionnel pour les applications de services ITS urbains
  • ISO 18561-1:2020
    Systèmes de transport intelligents — Applications de mobilité urbaine via un dispositif nomade pour la gestion des transports verts
    Partie 1: Exigences générales pour l'échange de données entre les stations ITS
  • ISO/DIS 18561-2 [Actuellement en cours d'élaboration]
    Intelligent transport systems — Urban mobility applications via nomadic device for green transport management
    Part 2: Functional requirements and specifications for trip and modal choice application
  • ISO/CD 18561-3.2 [Actuellement en cours d'élaboration]
    Systèmes de transport intelligents - Applications de mobilité urbaine via un dispositif nomade pour la gestion des transports verts - Partie 3 : Applications de services d'intégration de la mobilité
    Partie 3 : Applications de services d'intégration de la mobilité — Partie 3: - Partie 3 : Applications de services d'intégration de la mobilité utilisant V2X hybride
Comité technique
ISO/TC 268
Villes et communautés territoriales durables
  • 56 Normes publiées | 19 Projets en développement
  • ISO 37105:2019
    Développement durable des collectivités — Cadre descriptif pour les villes et les collectivités
  • ISO 37106:2021
    Villes et communautés territoriales durables — Lignes directrices pour l’établissement de stratégies pour les villes intelligentes et les collectivités
  • ISO 37111:2024
    Sustainable cities and communities — Urban settlements — Guidance for a flexible approach to phased implementation of ISO 37101
  • ISO/DIS 37114 [Actuellement en cours d'élaboration]
    Sustainable cities and communities — Appraisal framework for datasets and data processing methods that create urban management information
  • ISO 37120:2018
    Villes et communautés territoriales durables — Indicateurs pour les services urbains et la qualité de vie
  • ISO 37166:2022
    Infrastructures urbaines intelligentes — Cadre d'intégration des données urbaines pour la planification des villes intelligentes
Comité technique
ISO/TC 282/SC 2
Recyclage des eaux dans les zones urbaines
  • 10 Normes publiées | 4 Projets en développement
  • ISO 9111:2024
    Recyclage des eaux dans les zones urbaines — Lignes directrices concernant l'évaluation des avantages de l'utilisation d'eau réutilisée
  • ISO/DIS 18997 [Actuellement en cours d'élaboration]
    Water reuse in urban areas — Guidelines for the urban reclaimed water for landscaping uses
  • ISO/DIS 18998 [Actuellement en cours d'élaboration]
    Water reuse in urban areas — Guidelines for decentralized water reuse system — Management of a decentralized water reuse system
  • ISO 20760-1:2018
    Réutilisation de l'eau en milieu urbain — Lignes directrices concernant les systèmes centralisés de réutilisation de l'eau
    Partie 1: Principe de conception d'un système centralisé de réutilisation de l'eau
  • ISO 23070:2020
    Water Reuse in Urban Areas — Guidelines for reclaimed water treatment: Design principles of a RO treatment system of municipal wastewater
  • ISO 24416:2022
    Recyclage des eaux dans les zones urbaines — Lignes directrices concernant l'évaluation de la sécurité du recyclage de l'eau — Évaluation de la stabilité de l'eau réutilisée
Comité technique
ISO/TC 292
Sécurité et résilience
  • 62 Normes publiées | 13 Projets en développement
  • ISO 22371:2024
    Security and resilience — Community resilience — Principles, framework and guidelines on urban resilience
Comité technique
ISO/TC 297
Gestion de la collecte et du transport des déchets
  • 4 Normes publiées | 1 Projets en développement
  • ISO 24161:2022
    Gestion de la collecte et du transport des déchets — Vocabulaire
  • ISO 24162:2022
    Méthode d’essai pour mesurer la consommation énergétique de carburant des véhicules de collecte et de transport des déchets

Increasing migration

Internationally, people are on the move. Reduced costs of transportation, climate change and economic opportunities are all expected to drive increasing international migration in the coming decades.[1,10,11,12]

While opportunistic migration has been common for some time, the effects of climate change are expected to prompt significant numbers of people to migrate internationally in the coming decades. In fact, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has noted that “the greatest single impact of climate change could be on human migration.”[1] The number of people displaced by conflict and political instability is also expected to increase.[4] More refugees moving along new and existing migration routes will have implications for public policy and international governance.

Economic development in the global south may also contribute to higher levels of international migration. While many assume that economic development will reduce the number of people emigrating in search of economic opportunities, in fact it is observed that economic growth leads to an initial increase in emigration, presumably as citizens are better educated and have more access to connectivity, transport and international job opportunities. Emigration tends to reduce when a country is sufficiently developed that there are good opportunities for workers ‘at home’.[13]

For developed markets receiving migrants, this means access to an increased working-age population to support ageing societies.[11] In many developed countries, migrants also help to slow the decline in population growth associated with lower fertility rates.[13]

Companies can expect to have an increasingly mobile and diverse workforce available to them, while countries hosting migrants can enjoy the cultural benefits of diversity along with the economic benefits of an enlarged workforce.

Comité technique
ISO/TC 211
Information géographique/Géomatique
  • 100 Normes publiées | 29 Projets en développement
  • ISO 19141:2008
    Information géographique — Schéma des entités mobiles
Comité technique
ISO/TC 224
Systèmes et services relatifs à l’eau potable, à l’assainissement et à la gestion des eaux pluviales
  • 32 Normes publiées | 13 Projets en développement
  • ISO 24595:2024
    Systèmes et services relatifs à l'eau potable, à l'assainissement et à la gestion des eaux pluviales — Lignes directrices pour la mise en place d'un service d'eau alternatif pour les installations essentielles en cas de crise
Comité technique
ISO/TC 260
Management des ressources humaines
  • 32 Normes publiées | 7 Projets en développement
  • ISO 30415:2021
    Management des ressources humaines — Diversité et inclusion
Comité technique
ISO/PC 305
Systèmes d’assainissement autonomes durables
  • 1 Projets en développement
  • ISO/DIS 30500 [Actuellement en cours d'élaboration]
    Systèmes d'assainissement autonomes — Unités de traitement intégrées préfabriquées — Exigences générales de performance et de sécurité pour la conception et les essais
Comité technique
ISO/PC 343
Système de gestion pour les objectifs en matière de développement durable des Nations Unies - Exigences pour tout organisme
  • 1 Normes publiées | 1 Projets en développement
  • ISO/UNDP PAS 53002:2024
    Lignes directrices pour contribuer aux objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations Unies

References

  1. Future outlook. 100 Global trends for 2050 (UAE Ministry of Cabinet Affairs and the Future, 2017)
  2. Foresight Africa. Top priorities for the continent 2020-2030 (Brookings Institution, 2020)
  3. Global connectivity outlook to 2030 (World Bank, 2019)
  4. Beyond the noise. The megatrends of tomorrow's world (Deloitte, 2017)
  5. African futures. Key trends to 2035 (Institute for Security Studies, 2017)
  6. Global trends to 2030. Challenges and choices for Europe (European Strategy and Policy Analysis System, 2019)
  7. Global trends. Paradox of progress (US National Intelligence Council, 2017)
  8. Global strategic trends. The future starts today (UK Ministry of Defence, 2018)
  9. Future possibilities report 2020 (UAE Government, 2020)
  10. Global Trends and the future of Latin America. Why and how Latin America should think about the future (Inter-American
    Development Bank, Inter-American Dialogue, 2016)
  11. Asia pacific megatrends 2040 (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2019)
  12. Global trends 2020. Understanding complexity (Ipsos, 2020)
  13. Global risks 2035 update. Decline or new renaissance? (Atlantic Council, 2019)